Dukore, Bernard F. (1974). Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski. Florence, Ky.: Heinle & Heinle. p.31. ISBN 0-03-091152-4. Garver, Eugene (1994). Aristotle's Rhetoric: An Art of Character. University of Chicago Press. p.3. ISBN 0-226-28424-7. The 10th century Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity features a fictional anecdote of a "prince who strays from his palace during his wedding feast and, drunk, spends the night in a cemetery, confusing a corpse with his bride. The story is used as a gnostic parable of the soul's pre-existence and return from its terrestrial sojourn." [13]

Allen, Roger M. A. (2000). An Introduction to Arabic Literature. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521776578. Aristotle (1980). La Poétique (in French). Translated by Dupont-Roe, Roselyne; Lallot, Jean. Éditions du Seuil. a b Scott, Gregory L (10 October 2018). Aristotle on Dramatic Musical Composition. Existenceps Press. ISBN 978-0-9997049-3-6. The Symbolist school of poetry, close to Romanticism, was represented in the Arab world by the Lebanese poets Adib Mashar (1889–1928), Yusuf Ghusub (b. 1900) and Said Akl, and also Bishr Faris in Egypt. [50] [45] Ghusub with Akl, both, preached the use of Latin script. [51] The mentioned above Romantic poet Salah Labaki was associated with them, aspecially in his critic works on the French literary theory. [45] Modernism and avant-garde [ edit ] Carlson, Marvin, Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present. Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP (1993). ISBN 978-0-8014-8154-3.Aristotle's Poetics ( Greek: Περὶ ποιητικῆς Peri poietikês; Latin: De Poetica; [1] c. 335 BCE [2]) is the earliest surviving work of Greek dramatic theory and the first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory. [3] :ix In this text Aristotle offers an account of ποιητική, which refers to poetry and more literally "the poetic art," deriving from the term for "poet; author; maker," ποιητής. The Arabic version of Aristotle's Poetics that influenced the Middle Ages was translated from a Greek manuscript dated to some time prior to the year 700. This manuscript, translated from Greek to Syriac, is independent of the currently-accepted 11th-century source designated Paris 1741. [c] The Syriac-language source used for the Arabic translations departed widely in vocabulary from the original Poetics and it initiated a misinterpretation of Aristotelian thought that continued through the Middle Ages. [19]

The Sufi tradition also produced poetry closely linked to religion. Sufism is a mystical interpretation of Islam and it emphasised the allegorical nature of language and writing. Many of the works of Sufi poets appear to be simple ghazal or khamriyyah. Under the guise of the love or wine poem they would contemplate the mortal flesh and attempt to achieve transcendence. Rabia al-Adawiyya, Abd Yazid al-Bistami and Mansur al-Hallaj are some of the most significant Sufi poets, but the poetry and doctrine of al-Hallaj was eventually considered heretic for saying "I am the Truth," which came to be compared as literal incarnation. Al Hallaj was crucified and later became known as a Martyr. Destrée, Pierre (2016). "Aristotle on the Power of Music in Tragedy". Greek & Roman Musical Studies. 4 (2): 231–252. doi: 10.1163/22129758-12341277. Aristotle (1934). Περὶ ποιητικῆς. Translated by Gudeman, Alfred. Berlin/Leipzig. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) a b Brogan, T. (1994). The New Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03672-4.

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The Jubrānic style was one of the seminal influences on the Apūllū group, a collective of poets in Egypt, otherwise referred to as the Arab Romantics. Aḥmad Zakī Abū Shādī ( 1892–1955), the founder of the Apūllū society and its journal Apūllū ( 1932–1934), encouraged the experimentations and initiatives of younger poets. 12 He was interested in foreign literary influences as well as a larger Near Eastern and Mediterranean past in which the ancient Egyptian and the Hellenistic played as central a role as the Arab. 13 The group was especially interested in English Romantic poetry and translated many examples of it in the periodical. 14 A large proportion of all Arabic poetry is written using the monorhyme, Qasidah. This is simply the same rhyme used on every line of a poem. While this may seem a poor rhyme scheme for people used to western literature it makes sense in a language like Arabic which has only three vowels which can be either long or short.